Designing Pay Levels, Mix and Pay Structures

CHAPTER 8 DESIGNING PAY LEVELS, MIX AND PAY constructionS LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. contrive the major decisions in establishing remotely competitive render. 2. Describe the purpose(s) of a stipend quite a little. 3. Discuss the importance of defining the relevant food securities industry place in a gene localize review. 4. Explain the steps involved in aim a move over mensurate. 5. Describe the key issues involved in interpreting the results of a recompense canvass. 6. Explain how the mart generate birth combines the internal complex body part with outer grocery place. 7. Discuss the physical exertion of apply grades and conciliate snips and their relationship to internal alliance and external competitiveness. . Discuss the pros and cons of the grocery place pricing flak to establishing a wage building. OUT livestock I. MAJOR DECISIONS A. T present argon seven-spot major decisions involved in luckting externally competitive behave and fancying the corresponding abide constructions 1. specifying employers external/competitive pay insurance insurance stimulate _or_ system of government 2. define the purpose of the report 3. pick out the relevant market competitors 4. designing and conducting surveys 5. interpreting survey results and constructing the market line 6. constructing a pay polity line that hypothesises the external pay insurance policy 7. alancing competitiveness with internal alignment through the map of ranges, flat grade, and/or bands DefinitionA survey is the systematic process of collecting and making views about the fee paying by other employers Steps in conducting wage and profits surveys 1. select the transactions to be surveyed 2. define the relevant markets 3. select the firms to be surveyed 4. determine the instruction to ask 5. determine the selective breeding collection technique 6. administer the survey II. SPECIFY COMPETITIVE PAY POLICY an external pay policy requires information o n the external market surveys supply the info for translating that policy into pay levels, pay mix & pay structures III. THE PURPOSE OF A subject area? A. Conducting a earnings survey is necessary to obtain information to set apart an organizations pay policy relative to its competitors. B. An employer conducts/participates in a survey for the following reasons its an opportunity to collect information to work up brains regarding compensation to adjust pay to changing external pay rates & spy pay trends in marketplace to establish/develop or order an adequate pay structure to prove personnel problems that may be pay related defending pay practices in a flirt of law to attempt to estimate the fight costs of product market competitors hiring and retaining competent employees promoting worker productivity C. Adjust Pay Level How to a greater extent to Pay? market surveys provide information so that an employer will be able to adjust the firms pay levels relati ve to competitors (ex. AACSB salary survey) 1. well-nigh organizations wangle adjustments to employees pay on a regular origination . these adjustments goat be based on whizz, or more, of the following issues a. overall upward parkway of pay rates ca apply by competition for plenty in the market. b. performance. c. top executive to pay. d. terms specified in a contract. D. Adjust Pay shamble What Forms? 1. the mix of forms and their relative importance makes up the pay package 2. adjustments to the opposite forms that competitors use (base, bonus, benefits, etc. & the relative importance they place on each form occur less frequently than adjustments to overall pay level . it is indecipherable why changes to the pay mix occur less frequently than changes in the pay level 4. since some pay forms may affect employee expression more than others, collecting information on integrality compensation, the mix of pay competitors us, and costs of various forms is increasingly im portant E. Adjust Pay grammatical construction 1. survey information used for directly valuing jobs in some fonts 2. in other instances, used to validate job evaluation results (see if market rates modify greatly from those obtained in the firms job evaluation)Study particular Situations 1. information used to review competitor pay scales in case of high turnover or to justify first derivatives surrounded by veritable sexual activity dwarfd jobs in legal situations 2. m whatsoever special studies appraise the first salary offers or current pay practices for targeted groups, such as transparent attorneys, sales make dors, or software engineers G. Estimate Competitors Labor Costs 1. surveys tolerate for organizations to compare labor costs especially in a passing competitive industry, as input for decisions making, etc. 2. hey may use salary survey data to benchmark against competitors product pricing and manufacturing practices IV. SELECT relevant MARKET COMPETITORS A. To make decisions about pay level, mix, and structures, a relevant labor market must be defined that embarrasss employers who compete in one or more of the following areas Relevant markets are expressed as employers who compete for the alike(p) occupations and adroitnesss required the geographic distance employees are impulsive to commute/relocate employers who compete with the same products/servicesB. As the importance and complexity of qualifications increase, the geographic limits to a fault increase C. Competition tends to be bailiwick or inter subject area for managerial and master skills and local or regional for clerical and production skills D. The generalizations do non al ways hold true. Examples include 1. in areas with high concentrations of scientists, engineers, and managers, the primary market comparison may be regional, with national data used only secondarily 2. some larger firms reduce local market conditions E.Research suggests that if skills are tied to a particular industry, as underwriters, actuaries, and claims presentatives are to insurance, the market should be defined on an industry basis 1. if certain skills, i. e. accounting, sales, clerical, are not limited to one particular industry, consequently industry con fountrations are less important. 2. from the perspective of cost control and cogency to pay, competitors in the product/service market should be included since the pay rates of these competitors will affect both an employers costs of trading operations and its financial condition. F.While the quantity of data available for international comparisons is improving, using the data to adjust pay requires a lot of judgment. G. Fuzzy Markets 1. new organizations and jobs conflate together diverse knowledge and endure, so relevant markets appear more like fuzzy markets 2. organizations with unique jobs and structures face the double bind of finding it hard to get comparable market data at the same while they ar e placing more speech pattern on external market data V. Design the abide by A. Consulting firms offer a wide compartmentalization of surveys covering almost every job family and industry group imaginable.B. Survey design involves considering the following issues 1. Who should be involved in the survey design? 2. How many employers should be included? 3. Which jobs should be included? 4. What information should be collected? C. Whom to Involve? compensation specialist or HRM manager operational managers employees (task managers) outside consultants (avoid wage fixing allegations) D. How many another(prenominal) Employers? depends on circumstances, no set/magic recites (problematic for global companies) in small markets with few employers 2 or 3 firms in larger local markets with 200-300 come ins 12-24 firms in national labor market and some regional survey 100+ firms salary surveys reflect industry, geographical area Publicly Available information a. The part of Lab or Statistics is the major source of publicly available compensation data and publishes extensive information on various occupations in different geographic areas b. While some private sector firms may track the rate of change in BLS data as a cross-check on other surveys, the data are not specific enough to be used alone Word-of-Mouse a.A click of the mouse makes a wealth of data available to everyone and means that managers must be able to explain the salaries nonrecreational to employees compared to those a mouse-click away. b. The quality of salary data on the Web is highly suspect. Where Are the Standards? a. Opinions about the value of consultant surveys are rampant b. Many firms select one survey as their primary source and use others to cross-check of validate the results c. Some firms routinely combine the results of several(prenominal) surveys and exercising weight each survey in a composite based on a judgment of the quality of the data reported . For staffing decisions , employment raise designers report the tests performance against a set of standards (reliability, validity, etc. ) For market surveys and analysis, similar indices and standards do not exist E. Which Jobs to Include? notice the survey simple and include only enough jobs necessary to discover the purpose of the survey and to encourage participation 1. Benchmark Jobs Approach include only benchmark (stable in content) jobs in the surveys ensure that benchmark jobs represent all unction/levels in the firm slotting of rest jobs 2. Low-High Approach effectual for skills based structure that has no match with competitors identify highest and lowest gainful benchmark jobs for the relevant skills and use these as anchors for skills based structures slot the remaining wage rates into the structure 3. Benchmark Conversion Approach traditional go up perform job evaluation on all jobs and use benchmarks on survey transfer salary info from benchmark jobs & metamorphose interna l structureF. What Information to Collect? Collect information about the spirit of the organization (size, structure, financial) information about the total compensation system (bonus, benefit) real(a) rates paid to each incumbent for jobs included in survey No survey includes all the data included in the interchange the data collected depend on the purpose of the survey. Organization data data includes company identification, financial information, size of company, and the structure of the organization. .Total Compensation Data all the basic types of pay forms are required to assess the total pay package and competitors practices data collected includes (1)Base pay amount of interchange competitors decided each job and incumbent is worth. (2)Total cash includes base sum bonus tapers competitors use of performance-based cash payments. (3)Total compensation includes total cash plus stock options and benefits VI. INTERPRET SURVEY RESULTS & CONSTRUCT A MARKET LINE Ther e is no single best sexual climax that is used to analyze data.There are steps that the organization should take to ensure that use of the information is justified. A. Verify Data test for quality & accuracy of data (examine dispersal patterns) check for accuracy of job matches (titles vs. descriptions) if jobs are similar scarce not identical, and then leveling can be used to weight data according to closeness of match B. Anomalies 1. perusing actual salary data provides an analyst with a sense of the quality of the data and helps identify any areas for additional consideration. 2. nomalies may include 1) does any one company dominate? 2) do all employers show similar patterns? 3) outliers? 3. analysis of the anomalies may indicate additional information about competitors pay policies, ex. a competitor may deliberately differentiate itself with pay as part of its strategy C. statistical Analysis frequency distribution (organizes data into intervals) central tendency (mean, mode, median, heavy means) dispersion (get some idea from mean and dispersion value, the distribution of takings ex. tandard deviation, quartiles/ centiles) outliers/extreme values can distort mean value using this information to establish a single wage value D. update the Survey Data to counteract aging of data, adjusts need to be make Extent of updating depends on historical trends in the marketplace frugal outlook for the future in the employers market consumer price index (CPI) managers judgement E. Construct a Market Pay Line Development of a market pay line involves making decisions about which benchmark jobs to include, which companies to include, and which measures of pay to use ordinarily a straight line but can be curvilinear or hinged statistical techniques such as obsession analysis can be used to derive a market pay line pay level policy will reflect positioning of pay line (percentile) Definition A market line links a companys benchmark jobs on the cro sswise axis (internal structure) with market rates paid by competitors (market survey) on the plumb axis. It summarizes the distribution of going rates paid by competitors in the market F. Combine Internal Structure and External Wage RatesThe internal trunk and external competitiveness components of the pay model are combined through the development of the pay structure. The pay structure achieves twain objectives 1. produces pay policy line to reflect market wages to internal structure 2. allows for pay ranges, and give the firm some internal flexibility VII. FROM POLICY TO dedicate THE PAY POLICY LINE A. The pay policy line reflects external competitive position in the market B. There are several ways to provide external competitive policy into practice 1.Choice of measure based on Colgates stated policy, Colgate would use the 50th percentile for base pay and the 75th percentile for total compensation as compensation measures in its regression 2. Updating the approach used by an organization to update salary survey data reflects its pay policy. C. form _or_ system of government Line as Percent of Market Line. 1. another way to translate pay-level policy into practice is to simple specify a percent supra or under the regression line (market line) that an employer intends to match and then commit a new line at this higher (or lower) level 2. here are alternatives among competitive pay policies, and in that location are alternative ways to translate policy into practice 3. if the practice does not match the policy, then employees receive the wrong message VIII. FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE GRADES AND RANGES Creating pay ranges is also part of designing a pay structure that reflects the organizations policies on maintaining internal alignment and external competitiveness A. Why rough-and-tumble with Grades and Ranges? 1. grades and ranges offer flexibility to deal with pressures from external markets and differences among organizations quality differences among jobholders productivity differences among item-by-items differences in the mix of pay forms competitors use 2. ranges provide managers the opportunity to recognize individual performance differences with pay meet employee expectations that pay will increase with time encourage employees to remain with organization 3. from an internal alignment perspective a range reflects differences in performance experience 4. from an external competitiveness perspective, a range is a control device 5. ranges are not used by all employers skill-based plans establish single rates for each skill level regardless of performance or seniority flat rates are favored by unions (use regression formula) broad bands are universe adopted for greater flexibility B. Develop Grades fairly similar jobs (comparable value) are grouped together lateral moves without change in pay allows for certain degree of flexibility some subjective decisions in designing pay grades makes it tough jobs gro uped together for traditional purposes, move pathing C. Establish Ranges Midpoints, Minimums, and Maximums core of each range serves as control point to correspond with the pay policy line following a matching(competitive) policy eye reflects pay level at which competent person is paid range spreads vary according to jobs (spread increasing with worth) determine degree of overlap desired (arithmetic, geometric, random) D. What size of it Should the Range Be? a. size of the range is based on judgment about how the ranges support career paths, promotions, and other organization systems. (1)top-level management positions typically have ranges of 30 to 60% above and below the midpoint 2)entry to mid-level professional and managerial positions typically have ranges of 15 to 30% above and below the midpoint (3)office and production work typically have ranges of 5 to 30% above and below the midpoint b. compensation managers use actual survey rates, particularly the 75th and 25th pe rcentiles, as the range stripped-downs and maximums c. another approach is to establish the minimum and maximum separately, with the amount amongst the minimum and the midpoint a function of how long it takes a new employee to become fully competent E. Overlap (re rules of thumb) degree of overlap to mirror commonality amongst grades high degree of overlap indicate small differences in the value of jobs in adjoining grades ex. title change but not more than change in pay overlap beyond three neighboring(a) grades should be avoided jumps in pay grade should involve at least 10% differential size of differentials should support career movement thru structure difference between supervisor and worker approx. 1 grade or 15% IX. FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE BROAD BANDING A. Broad grade insignia is a new technique 1. his approach consolidates approximately 4 5 traditional pay grades into a single band with one minimum and one maximum 2. since a band encompasses many jobs of differi ng values, a range midpoint is usually not specified B. Contrasts between ranges and broad bands are highlighted in Exhibit 8. 19 C. Supporters of broad bands list several advantages 1. they provide flexibility to define job responsibilities more broadly 2. they support redesigned, downsized, or boundary-less organizations that have eliminated layers of managerial jobs 3. they foster cross-functional growth and development. a. mployees can move laterally across functions within a band to gain depth of experience b. emphasis on lateral movement with no pay adjustments helps manage the reality of fewer promotions in flattened organizational structures 4. flexibility eases mergers and acquisitions since there are not a lot of levels to argue over D. The most important difference between the grades and ranges and broad- circle approaches is the location of controls 1. grade and range approach has guidelines and controls designed into the pay system 2. band approach has only a total sala ry budget that provides constraints. E.Banding involves two steps 1. Set the number of bands a. examples indicate the use of 5 to 6 bands for pay purposes (1)Merck uses 6 bands for its good pay structure (2)General Electric replaced 24 levels of work with 5 bands b. the quarrel is how much to pay employees who are in the same band but different functions performing different work 2. Price the bands and reference market rates a. each band will likely include eight-fold job families. b. based on external market differences in pay rates, the different functions within each band are likely to be priced differently collapsing several traditional grades into one or two career bands objective is to provide more flexibility in moving people among jobs dont need to change band or make pay adjustment when moved Steps 1. Set number of bands usually three to eight for pay purposes. 2. Price bands using reference market rates and zones 3. Determine within band (lateral) movement since purp ose of banding is to encourage cross-functional movement X. BALANCING INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESSURES ADJUSTING THE PAY STRUCTURE A.Adjustments may be necessary in the pay structure to brace internal consistency and external competitiveness. B. A distinction has been made between the job structure and the pay structure 1. A job structure orders jobs on the basis of internal organizational factors that are reflected in job evaluation or skill/competency certification 2. A pay structure is anchored by an organizations external competitive position and reflected in its pay-policy line C. Reconciling Differences Internal JE & external market survey results may not agree and may therefore produce two different structures pay structure vs. ob structure (ex. labor dearth may impact this) review of the JA and JE may be necessary to see if a job was accurately evaluated or to a/c for differences between market rate & internal rate managers tend to weigh market data more heavily than in ternal J. E. D. Locality Pay problems with governmental transfers (NYC vs. Des Moines) GS system makes no allowance for performance factor federal government pay system less sensitive to market changes federal Employee Pay Comparability Act of 1990 (FEPCA) E. Compression caused by pressure of external forces vs. nternal factors outside wages increasing faster than internal ones pay differential among jobs are smaller relative to KSA differences XI. MARKET PRICING strong emphasis on market de-emphasizes internal consistency. price as many jobs as possible in external market, then rank to mark the unique jobs appropriate for firms with lots of jobs comparable to external market down side is that it allows competitors (market) set pay policy XI. YOUR turn of events Word-Of-Mouse Dot-Com Compensation Comparisons YOUR TURN 2Are Compensation Surveys Upward Biased?